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The hair cells located in the organ of Corti transduce mechanical sound vibrations into nerve impulses. They are stimulated when the basilar membrane, on which the organ of Corti rests, vibrates.Relatively high-intensity sound stimulates the hair cells in the ampulla of the saccule, which in turn send afferent impulses along the inferior vestibular nerve to vestibular nuclei in the brainstem.The neurotransmitters diffuse across the narrow space between the hair cell and a cochlear nerve terminal, where they then bind to receptors and thus trigger action potentials in the nerve. In this way, an inner hair cell acts as mechanoreceptor that transduces vibrational into electrical energy.
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How does sound intensity affect hair cells?
Relatively high-intensity sound stimulates the hair cells in the ampulla of the saccule, which in turn send afferent impulses along the inferior vestibular nerve to vestibular nuclei in the brainstem.
How do hair cells transduce an auditory stimulus?
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the narrow space between the hair cell and a cochlear nerve terminal, where they then bind to receptors and thus trigger action potentials in the nerve. In this way, an inner hair cell acts as mechanoreceptor that transduces vibrational into electrical energy.
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How do hair cells respond to sound waves?
Hair cells in the Organ of Corti in the cochlea of the ear respond to sound. Hair cells in the cristae ampullares in the semicircular ducts respond to angular acceleration (rotation of the head). Hair cells in the maculae of the saccule and the utricle respond to linear acceleration (gravity).
How do the hairs on the cells respond to frequencies allowing us to hear?
Like microphones, hair cells ultimately translate, or transduce, mechanical vibrations occurring in the outer, middle, and inner ear into electrical impulses. These nerve impulses are then relayed to the brain via the auditory nerve.
What do hair cells transduce?
Hair cells can convert the displacement of the stereociliary bundle into an electrical potential in as little as 10 microseconds; indeed, such speed is required to faithfully transduce high-frequency signals and enable the accurate localization of the source of the sound.
Do hair cells release more neurotransmitters for higher frequencies?
1 Answer. Show activity on this post. Hair cells in the cochlea can code sound intensity via the amount of neurotransmitter they release. Higher sound levels result in more neurotransmitter release and in turn to higher firing rates in the spiral ganglion cells of the auditory nerve.
How do hair cells Repolarize?
Repolarization of hair cells is done in a special manner. The perilymph in the scala tympani has a very low concentration of positive ions. The electrochemical gradient makes the positive ions flow through channels to the perilymph.
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In this way, an inner hair cell acts as mechanoreceptor that transduces vibrational into electrical energy.
How do outer hair cells amplify sound?
Outer hair cells contract and elongate with each cycle of sound as their intracellular voltage changes. This amplifies the vibration of the organ of Corti, permitting exquisite hearing sensitivity and frequency selectivity. OHCs have an intracellular turgor pressure to help maintain their shape.
What structure helps us localize sound?
What structure helps us localize sound? The fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth is called perilymph.
Where are hair cells that are stimulated by sound waves found?
Hair cells in the organ of Corti (within the cochlea) are stimulated which in turn stimulates the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve. 7. The cochlear nerve then transmits electrical impulses to the auditory region of the brain in the temporal lobe.
How does the cochlea detect different sound frequencies?
The cochlea analyzes sound frequencies (distinguishes pitch) by means of the basilar membrane, which exhibits different degrees of stiffness, or resonance, along its length. The analysis of sound frequencies by the basilar membrane.
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How is the intensity or loudness of a sound detected and communicated by the ear?
Sound waves vibrating through media such as air, water, or metal are the stimulus energy that is sensed by the ear. The hearing system is designed to assess frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness). Sound waves enter the outer ear (the pinna) and are sent to the eardrum via the auditory canal.
What happens when a hair cell is stimulated?
As hair cells depolarize, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels near basolateral synapses open; elevated Ca2+ levels stimulate the neurotransmitter release at the glutamatergic synapses, initiating signal propagation to afferent neurons (Ottersen et al., 1998).
How does sound travel through the cochlea?
The cochlea is filled with a fluid that moves in response to the vibrations from the oval window. As the fluid moves, 25,000 nerve endings are set into motion. These nerve endings transform the vibrations into electrical impulses that then travel along the eighth cranial nerve (auditory nerve) to the brain.
Where are hair cells that are stimulated by sound waves found quizlet?
The high frequency hair cells are located at the stapes end, closer the middle ear. o They receive the strongest stimulation.
How do inner hair cells transduce?
Inner hair cells (IHCs) are the true sensory receptors in the cochlea; they transmit auditory information to the brain. IHCs respond to basilar membrane (BM) vibration by producing a transducer current through mechanotransducer (MET) channels located at the tip of their stereocilia when these are deflected.
Why do hair cells Hyperpolarize?
Deflection of the hairs away from the kinocilium decreases tension on the tip links, closing the potassium channels to which they are attached. This hyperpolarizes the hair cell and decreases both calcium entry and neurotransmitter release.
How hair cells are excited?
Stimulation of the auditory hair cells
As an auditory stimulus vibrates the basilar membrane, it causes the tectorial membrane to shift in position. This motion excites the auditory hair cells by placing a shearing force upon their stereocilia (see mechanotransduction for further details about this process).
How does hair cell position in the cochlea affect the perception of sound?
Different sound frequencies are separated along the cochlea, with each hair cell being tuned to a narrow frequency range; amplification sharpens the frequency resolution and augments sensitivity 100-fold around the cell’s characteristic frequency.
How does the ear distinguish between different intensities of sound?
The ear can distinguish different subjective aspects of a sound, such as its loudness and pitch, by detecting and analyzing different physical characteristics of the waves. Pitch is the perception of the frequency of sound waves—i.e., the number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point in a unit of time.
How do hair cells assist in transducing characteristics about a specific sound?
The hair cells are arranged on the basilar membrane in an orderly way. The basilar membrane vibrates in different regions, according to the frequency of the sound waves impinging on it. Likewise, the hair cells that lay above it are most sensitive to a specific frequency of sound waves.
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How is frequency of incoming sound translated to movement of the basilar membrane?
The cochlea in the inner ear performs a frequency-to-place conversion. A specific point on the basilar membrane inside the cochlear is excited, depending on the frequency of the incoming signal. The movement of the basilar membrane stimulates the hair cells which are connected to the auditory nerve fibers.
In which way is the mechanism of hair cell transduction distinct from sensory transduction mechanisms that occur outside the ear?
In which of the following ways is the mechanism of hair-cell transduction distinct from sensory transduction mechanisms that occur outside the ear? Potassium influx from the endolymph depolarizes the hair cell. Potassium efflux into the perilymph repolarizes the hair cell.
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