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Waste rock is bedrock that has been mined and transported out of the pit but does not have metal concentrations of economic interest. Tailings are the finely ground residuals that remain after the mill process has removed the valuable metals from the ore.Waste rock, which consists of rock and target minerals in concentrations too low for economic recovery, is removed along with the ore. Waste rock includes granular, broken rock that ranges from fine sand to large boulders, depending on the nature of the formation and mining methods employed.Tailings are the waste materials left after the target mineral is extracted from ore. They consist of: Crushed rock. Water. Trace quantities of metals such as copper, mercury, cadmium, zinc, etc.
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What is waste rock in mining?
Waste rock, which consists of rock and target minerals in concentrations too low for economic recovery, is removed along with the ore. Waste rock includes granular, broken rock that ranges from fine sand to large boulders, depending on the nature of the formation and mining methods employed.
What are waste tailings?
Tailings are the waste materials left after the target mineral is extracted from ore. They consist of: Crushed rock. Water. Trace quantities of metals such as copper, mercury, cadmium, zinc, etc.
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What is the difference between tailings and spoils?
Tailings are low grades of mining ore that are disposed of on the land surface and often in mining waste ponds(1). Because they are unlined, these ponds can be a source of acids or metals, which are carried in run-off or leachate. Spoil consists of mining debris and waste.
How is waste rock produced?
Waste Rock
Small amounts are generated from underground mining. Waste rock generally consists of coarse, crushed, or blocky material covering a range of sizes, from very large boulders or blocks to fine sand-size particles and dust.
What are tailings used for?
Tailings ponds are used to store the waste made from separating minerals from rocks, or the slurry produced from tar sands mining. Tailings are sometimes mixed with other materials such as bentonite to form a thicker slurry that slows the release of impacted water to the environment.
How does waste rock affect the environment?
This waste rock can in some cases have the potential to leak harmful elements into the environment. “A major environmental concern surrounds sulfide minerals, mostly pyrite, which react with oxygen and water, causing sulfide oxidation and resulting in the release of acid drainage.
What is rock tailing?
Waste rock is bedrock that has been mined and transported out of the pit but does not have metal concentrations of economic interest. Tailings are the finely ground residuals that remain after the mill process has removed the valuable metals from the ore.
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What are waste rock dumps?
Waste rock dumps are usually the most visually obvious landforms left after open pit mining. Together with tailings storage facilities, they are also the most prone to erosion.
What are tailings made up of?
Tailings are a combination of the fine-grained (typically silt-sized, in the range from 0.001 to 0.6 mm) solid materials remaining after the recoverable metals and minerals have been extracted from mined ore, together with the water used in the recovery process.
How are tailings disposed of?
The traditional means of tailings disposal is typically an impound method, often stored in a constructed dam in diluted form. This form of waste storage poses a number of concerns, the biggest of which is safety.
How do mine tailings negatively impact the environment?
In the tailings of some silver mines, arsenic and lead is present in the dust in high enough concentrations to cause serious concerns. Leaching. When rain falls on tailings, it leaches away materials that can create water pollution, for example, lead, arsenic, and mercury.
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What are toxic tailings?
Tailings ponds are enormous human-made reservoirs the size of lakes in which the toxic byproduct of oil extraction from tar sands are stored. They contain dangerous chemicals such as ammonia, lead, mercury, benzene and naphthenic acid.
How waste are produced from mining?
Mining waste comes from extracting and processing mineral resources. It includes materials such as topsoil overburden (which are removed to gain access to mineral resources), and waste rock and tailings (after the extraction of the valuable mineral).
What are the different types of wastes in mining operations?
There are three broad classes of mine waste; mill tailings, waste rock, and spent heap leach.
What causes mining waste?
The extraction and beneficiation of minerals generates large quantities of waste. Mineral processing operations generally follow beneficiation and include techniques that often change the chemical composition the physical structure of the ore or mineral.
Can mine tailings be used?
Mine tailings are suitable for various civil engineering applications due to its physical and chemical properties. However, heavy metals leaching and acid mine drainage are the major concerns associated with use of mine tailings.
What happens to tailings after mining is finished?
Many mines put the tailings back into the original mining pit. Some large mines use entire existing valleys sealed off with earthen dams, and others store tailings in natural lakes. In most cases, disposal pits are covered with water, forming an artificial lake which reduces the rate of acid formation.
How are tailings produced?
Tailings consist of ground rock and process effluents that are generated in a mine processing plant. Mechanical and chemical processes are used to extract the desired product from the run of the mine ore and produce a waste stream known as tailings.
Why is mining waste toxic?
The highest toxicity level of As is seen in the inorganic forms As(III) and arsenate As(V) which are the predominant forms in mine tailings. The arsenate acts like phosphate and can therefore gain access to microbial cells via the transport system meant for the uptake of this essential salt.
What is tailings dams in mining?
A tailings dam is typically an earth-fill embankment dam used to store byproducts of mining operations after separating the ore from the gangue. Tailings can be liquid, solid, or a slurry of fine particles, and are usually highly toxic and potentially radioactive.
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What is mine waste called?
All mines generate waste, one type of which is known as “tailings”. Often these solid wastes are stored at or near the mine site itself.
What is the difference between overburden and tailings?
Overburden is distinct from tailings, the material that remains after economically valuable components have been extracted from the generally finely milled ore. Overburden is removed during surface mining, but is typically not contaminated with toxic components.
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